COVID-19 Vaccines - Facts and Information

Yes, the CDC recommends that everyone age 12 and up should get an updated COVID-19 booster this fall to stay up-to-date on vaccinations. The same is true for people who completed their primary series or received one or two boosters: they should get an updated booster dose at least two months after their last shot.

For maximum effectiveness of the updated booster dose, individuals who recently had COVID-19 may consider delaying any COVID-19 vaccination, including the updated booster dose, by 3 months from the start of their symptoms or positive test.

No. The updated bivalent formula is in use only for COVID-19 booster doses, and not for initial vaccination. The best way to protect yourself from getting severely ill from COVID-19 is to get vaccinated. The CDC recommends that currently unvaccinated people get their primary series (the initial two doses of either Pfizer or Moderna, or one dose of the Novavax vaccine), and then wait at least two months to get the updated Pfizer or Moderna booster dose.

Booster doses are common for many vaccines, and over time, booster doses may need to be updated to provide optimal protection against new variants of the virus. The scientists and medical experts who developed the COVID-19 vaccines continue to watch for waning immunity, how well the vaccines protect against new mutations of the virus, and how that data differ across age groups and risk factors.

To date, booster doses have worked well in extending the protection of the vaccine against serious illness, but have been somewhat less effective in boosting immunity against new variants of COVID-19 compared to the original strain. The updated booster dose formula is designed to protect against original strains of the virus, as well as Omicron variants that account for the majority of current new infections.

The latest CDC recommendations on booster doses help to ensure more people across the U.S. are better protected against COVID-19. The best way to protect yourself from COVID-19 is to get vaccinated and boosted if eligible. Vaccination and boosting is particularly important for individuals more at risk for severe COVID-19, such as older people and those with underlying medical conditions.

Yes. Eligible individuals can get either the Pfizer or Moderna updated booster, regardless of whether their primary series or most recent dose was with Pfizer, Moderna, Novavax, or the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.

Yes. The CDC recommends that everyone 6 months and older get a flu vaccine every season, which occurs in the U.S. in the fall and winter. The best time to get your flu shot is in September or October before the flu is spreading in your community.

Based on CDC guidance, the COVID-19 vaccines can be given the same day as other vaccines, including the flu vaccine. Some people choose to get each shot in a different limb to minimize possible discomfort. Ask your health provider if you have any questions about getting either or both vaccines.

Yes. Delta is the name for the B.1.617.2. variant, a SARS-CoV-2 mutation that originally surfaced in India. The first Delta case was identified in December 2020, and the strain spread rapidly, soon becoming the dominant strain of the virus in both India and then Great Britain. Toward the end of June, Delta had already made up more than 20% of cases in the U.S., according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates. That number is rising swiftly, prompting predictions that the strain will soon become the dominant variant here.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has called this version of the virus “the fastest and fittest.” In mid-June, the CDC labeled Delta as “a variant of concern,” using a designation also given to the Alpha strain that first appeared in Great Britain, the Beta strain that first surfaced in South Africa, the two Epsilon variants first diagnosed in the U.S., and the Gamma strain identified in Brazil. (The new naming conventions for the variants were established by the WHO at the beginning of June as an alternative to numerical names.)

“It’s actually quite dramatic how the growth rate will change,” says Dr. Wilson. Delta is spreading 50% faster than Alpha, which was 50% more contagious than the original strain of SARS-CoV-2—making the new variant 75% more contagious than the original, he says. “In a completely unmitigated environment—where no one is vaccinated or wearing masks—it’s estimated that the average person infected with the original coronavirus strain will infect 2.5 other people,” Dr. Wilson says. “In the same environment, Delta would spread from one person to maybe 3.5 or 4 other people.”

“Because of the math, it grows exponentially and more quickly,” he says. “So, what seems like a fairly modest rate of infectivity can cause a virus to dominate very quickly—like we’re seeing now. Delta is outcompeting everything else and becoming the dominant strain.” 

All COVID-19 vaccines were tested in clinical trials involving tens of thousands of people to make sure they meet safety standards and protect adults of different ages, races, and ethnicities. There were no serious safety concerns. CDC and the FDA will continue to monitor the vaccines to look for safety issues after they are authorized and in use.

No. None of the COVID-19 vaccines currently authorized for use, or in development, in the United States use the live virus that causes COVID-19. However, it typically takes two weeks for the body to build stronger immunity after the second dose of an mRNA vaccine or after the single–dose Janssen vaccine. Therefore, it is particularly important to continue to follow all public health guidance, such as wearing a mask, watching your distance, and washing your hands, especially before protection from the vaccine has been built (when you are still fully susceptible to become infected and get sick from COVID-19.)

According to NIH’s Dr. Kizzmekia Corbett: “There are no tracking devices whatsoever in the vaccine. I was the scientific lead [at NIH], and in the last six years we gathered fundamental understanding of how to make vaccines for coronaviruses. They caused MERS in 2014, and SARS before that. We have fundamental knowledge around coronaviruses. We have looked at the protein at atomic detail, we understand every nook and cranny and antibody response. What you see in front of you appears like 10-11 months of vaccine development, but the preclinical science extends beyond my tenure at NIH, 10-15 years starting with SARS, so there’s a large amount of research backing it.” 

No. The mRNA from COVID-19 vaccines can most easily be described as a set of instructions for your body for how to make a harmless piece of “spike protein” to allow our immune systems to recognize that this protein doesn’t belong there and begin building an immune response and making antibodies. Essentially, COVID-19 vaccines that use mRNA work with the body’s natural defenses to safely develop immunity to the virus, giving your cells a blueprint of how to make antibodies.

No. Time after time, studies conducted across the globe continue to show that there is no connection between autism and vaccines. 

COVID-19 vaccination will help protect you from getting COVID-19 by stimulating your immune system so your body is ready to respond if you come in contact with the virus. You may expect to have some side effects, which are normal signs that your body is building protection. These side effects may affect your daily life, but they should go away in a few days. Common side effects are pain and swelling in the arm where you received the shot, fever, chills, tiredness, and headache.  Some of these may be more severe if you have been previously infected with COVID-19 and, in the case of mRNA vaccines, after the second dose.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is globally respected for its scientific standards of vaccine safety, efficacy, and quality. In an emergency, like a pandemic, the FDA can make a judgement that it is worth releasing a vaccine, drug, device and/or test for use even without all the evidence that would go into the normal approval process. That judgement, in this case that the known and potential benefits of a COVID-19 vaccine must outweigh the known and potential risks of the vaccine, is called an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Under both EUA and normal approval, the FDA provides scientific and regulatory requirements to vaccine developers and undertakes a rigorous evaluation of the scientific information through all phases of clinical trials, which continues after authorization or approval. Clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines must first show they are safe and effective before any vaccine can be issued an EUA.

Yes. COVID-19 vaccination is especially important for people with underlying health problems like heart disease, lung disease, diabetes, and obesity. People with these conditions are more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.

CDC recommends that people with a history of severe allergic reactions that are not related to vaccines or injectable medications—such as food, pet, venom, environmental, or latex allergies—get vaccinated. People with a history of allergies to oral medications or a family history of severe allergic reactions may also get vaccinated.

Tell the provider about your allergy when you get the vaccine. They are prepared to administer the vaccine safely and provide treatment in the rare case of allergic reactions. As a precaution, the CDC guidelines recommend that those with allergies be observed at the site for 30 minutes instead of 15 minutes. But it is not something to prevent you from getting vaccine.

The Janssen, Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are all proven to be safe and effective in preventing COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths. Getting vaccinated with any of these vaccines will greatly reduce your risk of serious illness due to the virus, and it is recommended that you take the first vaccine available to you.

The single-dose Janssen vaccine has been shown to be 85% effective in preventing severe illness from COVID-19 and 100% effective against COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. In trials, the vaccine also lowered the risk of moderate-to-severe COVID-19 illness by 72% among people who were vaccinated compared to people who received the placebo. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine showed efficacy of 95% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 infection after two doses, and the Moderna vaccine was 94.1% effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 infection after the second dose. 

After you are vaccinated, it takes some time for your body to build an immune response to the vaccine. CDC advises that the vaccines offer strong protection starting two weeks after completing the vaccination series (one dose for Janssen, two doses for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines). 

Once you get vaccinated, you will have a lower risk of getting sick from COVID-19. However, no vaccine provides 100% immunity and many people around you are likely to be unvaccinated.

To protect others, it is crucial to continue practicing the 3 W’s: 

• Wear a mask
• Wash your hands
• Watch your distance until enough people are vaccinated to stop the spread of the virus. 

Yes. Fully vaccinated individuals should continue to practice the 3 W’s—wear a mask, wash your hands, and watch your distance. There is some evidence that vaccinated people can carry and transmit COVID-19 and its variants, like the Delta variant.

According to CDC as of August 18, 2021, to maximize protection from the Delta variant and prevent possibly spreading it to others, wear a mask indoors in public if you are in an area of substantial or high transmission.

To protect yourself and others, follow these recommendations in public: 

• Wear a mask over your nose and mouth 
• Stay at least 6 feet away from others 
• Avoid crowds 
• Avoid poorly ventilated spaces 
• Wash your hands often 
  

See the CDC’s guidelines for fully vaccinated individuals

UPDATE: There is emerging evidence (1, 2, 3) that mixing COVID-19 vaccines may produce a strong immune response, however the current CDC recommendations still suggest that you should not mix vaccine doses at this time, due to the lack of sufficient evidence. As more is learned about the mixing of doses, updates will be made.

Not usually. The COVID-19 vaccines are not interchangeable, and the safety and efficacy of a mixed-product series have not been evaluated. However, if two doses of different mRNA COVID-19 vaccine products are inadvertently administered, no additional doses of either product are recommended at this time.

In exceptional situations in which the first dose of an mRNA vaccine product cannot be determined or is no longer available, any available mRNA COVID-19 vaccine may be administered at a minimum interval of 28 days between doses to complete the mRNA COVID-19 vaccination series. Only one dose of J&J vaccine is needed and recommended at this time.

Recommendations may be updated as further information becomes available or other vaccine types (e.g., viral vector, protein subunit vaccines) are authorized

The Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine includes two shots, 21 days apart while the Moderna vaccine includes two shots, 28 days apart. Pfizer/BioNTech’s vaccine efficacy after a single dose was 52.4% in trials; Moderna’s was 80.2%.

However, both doses are currently recommended to get the maximum protection, since there have been no clinical trials assessing these mRNA vaccines as single dose regimes. Until more is learned about the duration and kind of protection you get from the vaccine, you should take the same precautions you did before vaccination. Moreover, until the population is broadly vaccinated, and the outbreak is under control, which will take many months, everyone — vaccinated or not— needs to continue to wear masks and practice distancing to protect themselves and others.

Yes. CDC recommends that you get vaccinated even if you have already had COVID-19. While you may have some short-term antibody protection after recovering from COVID-19, we don’t know how long this protection will last, and it is possible to catch it more than once.

Vaccination of a person with known current SARS-CoV-2 infection should be deferred until they have recovered from the acute illness (if they had symptoms) and they have met criteria to discontinue isolation. This recommendation applies to people who become infected before receiving any vaccine dose and those who become infected after the first dose of an mRNA vaccine but before receipt of the second dose. 

While there is no recommended minimum interval between infection and vaccination, current evidence suggests that the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is low in the months after initial infection but may increase with time due to waning immunity. Thus, while vaccine supply remains limited, people with recent documented acute SARS-CoV-2 infection may choose to temporarily delay vaccination, if desired, recognizing that the risk of reinfection and, therefore, the need for vaccination, might increase with time following initial infection. 

The Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine includes two shots, 21 days apart while the Moderna vaccine includes two shots, 28 days apart.

Persons should not be scheduled to receive the second dose earlier than recommended (e.g., 3 weeks [Pfizer-BioNTech] or 1 month [Moderna]). However, second doses administered within a grace period of 4 days earlier than the recommended date for the second dose are still considered valid. Doses inadvertently administered earlier than the grace period should not be repeated.

If it is not feasible to adhere to the recommended interval, the second dose of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines may be scheduled for administration up to 6 weeks (42 days) after the first dose. There are currently limited data on efficacy of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines administered beyond this window. If the second dose is administered beyond these intervals, there is no need to restart the series.

Experts do not know exactly what percentage of people would need to get vaccinated to achieve herd immunity to COVID-19. The current estimation is between 70-85%. Herd immunity is a term used to describe when enough people in a community have protection—either from previous infection or vaccination—that it is unlikely a virus or bacteria can spread and cause disease. As a result, everyone within the community is protected, even if some people do not have any protection themselves. The percentage of people who need to have protection in order to achieve herd immunity varies by disease.

Clinical trials are studies to assess the safety and efficacy of vaccines. They are typically conducted in three phases, each with increasingly larger numbers of volunteers.

• Phase 1 clinical trials assess the safety and dosage of a vaccine in a small number of people, typically a dozen to several dozen healthy volunteers.
• Vaccine safety is also assessed in Phase 2 studies, in which adverse events not detected in phase 1 trials may be identified because a larger and more diverse group of people receive the vaccine.
• Only in much larger Phase 3 clinical trials can it be demonstrated whether a vaccine is actually protective against disease. Safety is also more fully assessed. Phase 3 clinical trials often include thousands of volunteers, and for Covid-19 vaccines will involve tens of thousands (30,000 to 45,000 people in some of the ongoing phase 3 trials).

All three phases of clinical trials were completed for all currently available COVID-19 vaccines.

Natural immunity refers to the process of building an immune response to a disease after being infected by it. After getting COVID-19, most people will build an immune response that will last at least a few months and help fight the disease if they are exposed to it again, so they do not become sick.

After completing a COVID-19 vaccination, people are expected to build a vaccinated-immune response that will last months and help their immune system fight COVID-19 if they are exposed to it, so they do not become sick.

Experts are still studying how long natural and vaccine-induced immunity will last for COVID-19. There may also be differences in the level of immune response from natural immunity versus vaccine-induced immunity and scientists are continuing to study this area.

Both of these processes are types of active immunity, where the body responds to something from the outside world to build the immune response. Active immunity is different from passive immunity, where someone is given antibodies rather than their body producing antibodies through active immunity.

Three things to know about the Delta variant of COVID-19:

1. Delta is more contagious than the other viral strains.
   
   

   Delta is the name for the B.1.617.2. variant, a SARS-CoV-2 mutation that originally surfaced in India. The first Delta case was identified in December 2020, and the strain spread rapidly, soon becoming the dominant strain of the virus in both India and then Great Britain. Toward the end of June, Delta had already made up more than 20% of cases in the U.S., according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates. That number is rising swiftly, prompting predictions that the strain will soon become the dominant variant here.

   The World Health Organization (WHO) has called this version of the virus “the fastest and fittest.” In mid-June, the CDC labeled Delta as “a variant of concern,” using a designation also given to the Alpha strain that first appeared in Great Britain, the Beta strain that first surfaced in South Africa, the two Epsilon variants first diagnosed in the U.S., and the Gamma strain identified in Brazil. (The new naming conventions for the variants were established by the WHO at the beginning of June as an alternative to numerical names.)
   
   “It’s actually quite dramatic how the growth rate will change,” says Dr. Wilson. Delta is spreading 50% faster than Alpha, which was 50% more contagious than the original strain of SARS-CoV-2—making the new variant 75% more contagious than the original, he says. “In a completely unmitigated environment—where no one is vaccinated or wearing masks—it’s estimated that the average person infected with the original coronavirus strain will infect 2.5 other people,” Dr. Wilson says. “In the same environment, Delta would spread from one person to maybe 3.5 or 4 other people.”

   “Because of the math, it grows exponentially and more quickly,” he says. “So, what seems like a fairly modest rate of infectivity can cause a virus to dominate very quickly—like we’re seeing now. Delta is outcompeting everything else and becoming the dominant strain.” 
   
   

2. Unvaccinated people are at risk.
   
   People who have not been vaccinated against COVID-19 are most at risk. In the U.S., there is a disproportionate number of unvaccinated people in Southern and Appalachian states including Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, and West Virginia, where vaccination rates are low (in some of these states, the number of cases is on the rise even as some other states are lifting restrictions because their cases are going down).
   
   Kids and young people are a concern as well. “A recent study from the United Kingdom showed that children and adults under 50 were 2.5 times more likely to become infected with Delta,” says Dr. Yildirim. And so far, no vaccine has been approved for children 5 to 12 in the U.S., although the U.S. and a number of other countries have either authorized vaccines for adolescents and young children or are considering them.
   
   “As older age groups get vaccinated, those who are younger and unvaccinated will be at higher risk of getting COVID-19 with any variant,” says Dr. Yildirim.  “But Delta seems to be impacting younger age groups more than previous variants.”
   
   
3. Vaccination is the best protection against Delta.
   
   The most important thing you can do to protect yourself from Delta is to get fully vaccinated, the doctors say. That means if you get a two-dose vaccine like Pfizer or Moderna, for example, you must get both shots and then wait the recommended two-week period for those shots to take full effect.

   Whether or not you are vaccinated, it’s also important to follow CDC prevention guidelines that are available for vaccinated and unvaccinated people.

Viruses frequently change through mutation, and new variants of a virus are expected to occur over time. Multiple variants of the virus that causes COVID-19 have been documented in the U.S. and globally during this pandemic. This includes the B 1.351, B.1.1.7 and P.1 variants first detected in South Africa, the United Kingdom, and Brazil, respectively. Data suggest that these variants spread more easily and quickly than other variants.

As a result, it is very important for everyone to continue to wear masks, stay at least 6 feet apart from others, avoid crowds, ventilate indoor spaces, and wash their hands often. These actions will help prevent the spread of COVID-19, including the new variants.

Studies suggest that antibodies generated through vaccination with the currently authorized vaccines recognize and protect against these variants. Data released from Pfizer suggest that its vaccine is highly effective against the B.1.351 variant. The company conducted a six-month study of 800 participants in South Africa. Nine members of the placebo group tested positive for COVID-19, while none of the vaccinated participants tested positive, suggesting a 100% efficacy. Pfizer is also studying the efficacy of its vaccine against other variants and additional studies are underway to determine the efficacy of other vaccine candidates against the B.1.351 and other variants as well.

Scientists are working to better understand how easily the variants might be transmitted and the effectiveness of currently authorized vaccines against them. New information about the virologic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics of these variants is rapidly emerging.

CDC, in collaboration with other public health agencies, is monitoring the situation closely. CDC is working to detect and characterize emerging viral variants and expand its ability to look for new COVID-19 variants. Furthermore, CDC has staff available on-the-ground support to investigate the characteristics of viral variants. For example, CDC is collaborating with EPA to confirm that disinfectants inactivate these variant viruses. As new information becomes available, CDC will provide updates.

Arkansas will be providing vaccines for free, but health care providers will be allowed to charge a fee for giving the shots (you do not have to pay this fee). They can recoup the fee from public and private insurance plans and from a government fund to cover uninsured individuals.

There should be zero out-of-pocket costs for individuals being vaccinated. 

In Arkansas, you can visit the COVID-19 Vaccination Locations map or call 1-800-985-6030 for assistance finding a vaccine in your area or to sign up for an Arkansas Department of Health mass vaccination clinic.

You may also be eligible to receive a vaccine through your employer, through mass vaccination clinics sponsored by your local hospital system (e.g., UAMS), or through community partnerships with qualified healthcare agencies and clinics. 

Not currently. Three vaccines are currently available in the U.S. under the Emergency Use Authorization– Janssen, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna. All of them dramatically lower the risk of getting sick from COVID-19. You are likely to receive whichever vaccine is supplied to your provider/local health department by the federal government. It is important to get vaccinated when it is your turn to make sure you and your community can benefit from all of the tools we have to fight COVID-19. 

The Janssen (J&J) COVID-19 vaccine is another tool to help combat COVID-19, as it has been shown to prevent severe COVID-19 illness, hospitalization, and death. The vaccine has undergone rigorous review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and is now available for people who are 18 years of age and older.

Janssen’s vaccine is easier to administer than the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines because it only requires one dose and can be stored in a regular refrigerator at doctor’s offices, pharmacies, and other community settings. It also can be transported to mobile vaccination sites with ease. This will greatly increase access to a critical, lifesaving COVID-19 vaccine and get more people vaccinated as quickly as possible. 

Yes, an important one. The Pfizer vaccine was actually developed in the NIH’s vaccine research center by a team of scientists led by Dr. Barney Graham and his close colleague, Dr. Kizzmekia Corbett. Corbett, a Black woman, is the lead scientist for the National Institutes of Health’s coronavirus vaccine research and has addressed hesitancy within the Black community in the past. “Trust, especially when it has been stripped from people, has to be rebuilt in a brick-by-brick fashion,” Corbett said. “And so, what I say to people firstly is that I empathize, and then secondly is that I’m going to do my part in laying those bricks. And I think that if everyone on our side, as physicians and scientists, went about it that way, then the trust would start to be rebuilt.”

The Black Coalition Against COVID-19 is a trusted source of information on COVID-19 vaccine information, including through its partnership with the four historically Black medical schools in the U.S. Resources include: 1) Make it Plain: What Black America Needs to Know about COVID-19 Vaccines 2) Resources for Enrolling in Vaccine Trials, and 3) Personal account of a Black doctor who got the vaccine.

(Source: Black Coalition Against Covid-19) 

The CDC has Spanish language myth-busting resources on COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and COVID-19 FAQs in Spanish.

COVIDguia.org has updated COVID-19 information in Spanish, compiled by the American Public Health Association and the COVID-19 Latinx Task Force. PAHO has communications materials in Spanish and Portuguese for its Latin American audience.

The Department of Health for the Government of Puerto Rico maintains a Spanish-language COVID-19 vaccine website with information on the benefits of the vaccine, fact sheets, and nearly 30 FAQs, including those related to doses, concerns for pregnant women and the immunocompromised, differences between Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, the need for the 3Ws even after being vaccinated, and the v-safe program.

The following sites provide key resources, updated regularly:  

• AAPCHO COVID-19 Resources Page: https://www.aapcho.org/covid-19/
  
  
• Pacific Islander Covid-19 Response Team: https://picopce.org/covid19response/

The American Public Health Association provides a roundup of webinars, articles, and blogs on COVID-19 and health equity and health justice. This includes CDC data on COVID-19 racial and ethnic disparities, and information on the impact on the unhoused population.

The COVID Racial Data Tracker is a collaboration between the COVID Tracking Project and the Boston University Center for Antiracist Research.  It gathers the most complete and up-to-date race and ethnicity data on COVID-19 in the U.S. 

Currently, there is no recommendation for or against COVID-19 vaccination in people who are pregnant in the U.S. This means that there is not enough information to make an official recommendation. It does not mean that the vaccines are harmful for these people, nor that their safety can be guaranteed. It means that until there is more information, agencies such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) or the World Health Organization cannot make an official recommendation to use the vaccine in special populations such as people who are pregnant.

The CDC recommends that people who are pregnant should make an individual decision with information from their medical provider about the risks or benefits of getting a vaccine while considering their risk for COVID-19. This can include their risk of being exposed to the virus, (e.g., someone who works in a health care setting versus someone who is working from home), their chance for becoming sick from the virus (e.g., someone with diabetes v. someone who has no underlying medical conditions), and what is known about the risks and benefits overall for the vaccine.

According to a recent study of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, pregnant and lactating women who receive one of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines can transfer immunity to their unborn baby through placenta and breastmilk.  

Additional studies on the immune response generated by the COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and lactating women are planned. 

If people who are pregnant get COVID-19, they are at higher risk of having severe disease compared to people who are not pregnant. There is also an increased chance that they may have pre-term labor, which could affect the health of their baby.

Currently, the best science suggests that breastmilk is not likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. People may choose to continue to breastfeed with precautions (wearing a mask, washing hands) or to express breastmilk safely to use to feed their baby. Talk with your medical provider about what may be best for your health and the health of your baby if you are lactating and are diagnosed with COVID-19.

No, you do not need to take a pregnancy test before getting the COVID-19 vaccine. In addition, if you were recently vaccinated and are considering becoming pregnant, there is no recommendation to wait for any period of time after your vaccination to become pregnant.

CDC states that people who have been fully vaccinated (defined as those who have received the second dose of a two-dose regimen or one single-dose vaccine more than two weeks ago) can: 

• Visit with other fully vaccinated people indoors without wearing masks or physical distancing 
• Visit with unvaccinated people from a single household indoors without wearing masks or physical distancing, as long as they are at low risk for severe illness from COVID-19 

Fully vaccinated individuals are not required to quarantine after a known exposure to COVID-19, as long as they remain asymptomatic. Fully vaccinated individuals can also travel domestically in the U.S., as long as other protective measures are taken, including mask wearing and social distancing.

Except for the above-mentioned activities, fully vaccinated people should continue to wear masks and physically distance around unvaccinated people.

Evidence from a recent study conducted by CDC shows that vaccinated people are unlikely to carry or transmit the virus that causes COVID-19 to others. However, until more people are vaccinated, it is important for everyone to continue using all the tools available to help end the pandemic. 

According to CDC guidelines, individuals who are fully vaccinated (defined as those who have received the second dose of a two-dose regimen or one single-dose vaccine more than two weeks prior to travel) can travel domestically within the U.S. as long as they abide by other protective measures, including mask-wearing and social distancing. Fully vaccinated people do not need to get tested for COVID-19 or quarantine upon arrival when traveling domestically, as long as all other protective measures were followed. International travel is still not recommended at this time for vaccinated and unvaccinated people. However, if you are fully vaccinated and choose to travel abroad, you should follow the CDC guidance below:

• You do NOT need to get tested before leaving the U.S. unless your destination requires it 
• You still need to show a negative test result or documentation of recovery from COVID-19 before boarding a flight to the U.S. 
• You should still get tested three to five days after international travel 
• You do not need to self-quarantine after arriving in the U.S. 

Vaccinated individuals with a COVID-19 exposure are not required to quarantine if they meet all three of the following criteria: 

1. Are fully vaccinated, meaning it has been at least two weeks since they have received both doses of a two-dose vaccine or one dose of a single-dose vaccine
   
   
2. Have been fully vaccinated for less than three months
   
   
3. Have not experienced any COVID-19 symptoms since exposure 

If you do not meet all of these criteria, then you should follow  regular quarantine protocol after exposure to someone with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. 

There is not enough evidence yet to determine how long immunity will last after vaccination. Data from Pfizer’s clinical trials show high efficacy for at least six months post-vaccination, both against mild and severe COVID-19. More research is needed to determine how long protection from the vaccine will last. Studies regarding the duration of protection for the Moderna and Janssen vaccines are ongoing.

Like other vaccines, COVID-19 vaccines can cause swollen lymph nodes in the armpit area where the shot was administered. This is a normal side effect of the vaccine and is evidence that your immune system is building protection against COVID-19.

However, swollen lymph nodes under the arm are routinely screened for during mammograms as a potential sign of breast cancer. If you have recently been vaccinated and develop swollen lymph nodes, it could be mistaken for breast cancer during your mammogram. Therefore, as long as it does not delay essential medical care, you should consider scheduling your mammogram for either before you receive the vaccine, or four to six weeks post-vaccination.

If swelling under the arm persists for more than four to six weeks after vaccination, consult your physician.